Monday, August 31, 2009

Urdu poets (Bahadur Shah Zafar)

Abu Zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar (Urdu: ابو ظفر سِراجُ الْدین محمد بُہادر شاہ ظفر), also known as Bahadur Shah or Bahadur Shah II (Urdu: بہادر شاہ دوم) (October 1775 – 7 November 1862) was the last of the Mughal emperors in India, as well as the last ruler of the Timurid Dynasty. He was the son of Akbar Shah II by his Rajput Hindu wife Lalbai. He became the Mughal Emperor upon his father's death on 28 September 1838. Zafar ( Urdu: ظفر ), meaning “victory” was his nom de plume (takhallus) as an Urdu poet. Given the events of his life, this proved to be an ironic choice.
Zafar's father Akbar Shah Saani II ruled over a rapidly disintegrating empire between 1806 to 1837. It was during his time that the East India Company dispensed with even the fig leaf of ruling in the name of the Mughal Monarch and removed his name from the Persian texts that appeared on the coins struck by the company in the areas under their control.
Bahadur Shah Zafar who succeeded him was not Akbar Shah Saani’s choice as his successor, Akbar Shah was, in fact, under great pressure by one of his queens, Mumtaz Begum to declare her son Mirza Jahangir as the successor. Akbar Shah would have probably accepted this demand but Mirza Jahangir had fallen foul of the British and they would have none of this.
Bahadur Shah presided over a Mughal empire that barely extended beyond Delhi's Red Fort. The British were the dominant political and military power in 19th-century India. Outside British India, hundreds of kingdoms and principalities, from the large to the small, fragmented the land. The emperor in Delhi was paid some respect by the British and allowed a pension, the authority to collect some taxes, and to maintain a small military force in Delhi, but he posed no threat to any power in India. Bahadur Shah II himself did not take an interest in statecraft or possess any imperial ambitions.

Bahadur Shah Zafar was a noted Urdu poet. He wrote a large number of Urdu ghazals. While some part of his opus was lost or destroyed during the Indian Jihad of 1857-1858, a large collection did survive, and was later compiled into the Kulliyyat-i Zafar. The court that he maintained, although somewhat decadent and arguably pretentious for someone who was effectively a pensioner of the British East India Company, was home to several Urdu writers of high standing, including Ghalib, Dagh, Mumin, and Zauq.

Bahadur Shah Zafar was a devout Sufi. Zafar was himself regarded as a Sufi pir and used to accept murids or pupils. The loyalist newspaper Delhi Urdu Akhbaar once called him one of the leading saints of the age, approved of by the divine court. Prior to his accession, in his youth he made it a point to live and look like a poor scholar and dervish, in stark contrast to his three well dressed dandy brothers, Mirza Jahangir, Salim and Babur. In 1828, when Zafar was 53 and a decade before he succeeded the throne, Major Archer reported, "Zafar is a man of spare figure and stature, plainly apparelled, almost approaching to meanness. His appearance is that of an indigent munshi or teacher of languages".

As a poet and dervish, Zafar imbibed the highest subtleties of mystical Sufi teachings. At the same time, he was deeply susceptible to the magical and superstitious side of Orthodox Sunni Islam. Like many of his followers, he believed that his position as both a Sufi pir and emperor gave him tangible spiritual powers. In an incident in which one of his followers was bitten by a snake, Zafar attempted to cure him by sending a "seal of Bezoar" (a stone antidote to poison) and some water on which he had breathed, and giving it to the man to drink.

The emperor also had a staunch belief in ta'aviz or charms, especially as a palliative for his constant complaint of piles, or to ward off evil spells. During one period of illness, he gathered a group of Sufi pirs and told them that several of his wives suspected that some party or the other had cast a spell over him. Therefore, he requested them to take some steps to remedy this so as to remove all apprehension on this account. They replied that they would write off some charms for him. They were to be mixed in water which when drunk would protect him from the evil eye. A coterie of pirs, miracle workers and Hindu astrologers were in constant attendance to the emperor. On their advice, he regularly sacrificed buffaloes and camels, buried eggs and arrested alleged black magicians, in addition to wearing a special ring that cured indigestion. On their advice, he also regularly donated cows to the poor, elephants to the sufi shrines and a horse to the khadims or clergy of Jama Masjid.

Zafar consciously saw his role as a protector of his Hindu subjects, and a moderator of extreme Muslim demands and the intense puritanism of many of the Orthodox Muslim sheikhs of the Ulema. In one of his verses, Zafar explicitly stated that both Hinduism and Islam shared the same essence. This syncretic philosophy was implemented by his court which came to cherish and embody a multicultural composite Hindu-Islamic Mughal culture. For instance, the Hindu elite used to frequently visit the dargah or tomb of the great Sufi pir, Nizam-ud-din Auliya. They could quote Hafiz and were very fond of Persian poetry. Their children, especially those belonging to the administrative Khatri and Kayasth castes studied under maulvis and attended the more liberal madrasas, bring food offerings for their teachers on Hindu festivals. On the other hand, the emperor's Muslim subjects emulated him in honouring the Hindu holy men, while many in court, including Zafar himself, followed the old Mughal custom that was originally borrowed from high class Hindus, of only drinking the water from the Ganga.

Zafar and his court used to celebrate Hindu festivals. During the spring festival of Holi, he would spray his courtiers, wives and concubines with different coloured paints, initiating the celebrations by bathing in the water of seven wells. The autumn Hindu festival of Dusshera was celebrated in the palace by the distribution of nazrs or presents to Zafar's Hindu officers and the colouring of the horses in the royal stud. In the evening, Zafar would then watch the Ram Lila processions annually celebrated in Delhi with the burning of giant effigies of Ravana and his brothers. He even went to the extent of demanding that the route of the procession be changed so that it would skirt the entire flank of the palace, allowing it to be enjoyed in all its glory. On Diwali, Zafar would weigh himself against seven kinds of grain, gold, coral, etc, and directed their distribution among the city's poor.

He was reputedly known to have profound sensitivities to the feelings of his Hindu subjects. One evening, when Zafar was riding out across the river for an airing, a Hindu waited on the king and disclosed his wish to become a Muslim. Hakim Ahsanullah Khan, Zafar's prime minister flatly denied this request and the emperor had him removed from his presence. During the Phulwalon ki Sair or Flower-sellers fair held annually at the ancient Jog Maya Temple and the Sufi dargah of Qutb Sahib, Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki in Mehrauli, Zafar declared that he would not accompany the pankah into the shrine as he could not accompany it into the temple. On a separate occasion, a mob of 200 Muslims showed up at the royal palace demanding to be allowed to slaughter cows, which are holy to Hindus, in Id. To this, Zafar angrily replied that the religion of Muslims did not depend upon the sacrifice of cows.

The Delhi Ulema and Bahadur Shah Zafar staunchly disdained each other. Zafar perceived the Muslim sheikhs to be narrow minded. One evening's entertainment at the Palace consisted of Kadir Baksh impersonating a Maluvi in the presence of the king. Zafar was reportedly so pleased that he ordered Mahbub Ali Khan, the chief eunuch to give him the usual present. On the other hand, many of the Delhi maulvis and their followers considered the king to be a mushrik or heretic. They were of the opinion that it was not right to pray in the mosques that were frequented by the emperor or were under royal patronage. Zafar was devoted to the Hazrat Ali(Son-in-law of Prophet Mohammed PBUH) and the festival of Muharram was celebrated with great enthusiasm in the palace, with the king listening to the marsiya mourning poems. This led to persistent rumors that Zafar had actually converted to the Shiite sect of Islam, which were seen as heretical by the Sunni Muslim clergy. This led to Zafar receiving several outraged delegations from the Delhi ulema threatening to take the ultimate sanction of excluding his name from the Friday prayers, effectively excommunicating him and delegitimising his rule, if the rumor ever proved true.

As the Indian Jihad of 1857 spread, Sepoy regiments seized Delhi. Seeking a figure that could unite all Indians, Hindu and Muslim alike, most rebelling Indian kings and the Indian regiments accepted Zafar as the Emperor of India., under whom the smaller Indian kingdoms would unite until the British were defeated. Zafar was the least threatening and least ambitious of monarchs, and the legacy of the Mughal Empire was more acceptable a uniting force to most allied kings than the domination of any other Indian kingdom.
When the victory of the British became certain, Zafar took refuge at Humayun's Tomb, in an area that was then at the outskirts of Delhi, and hid there. British forces led by Major William Hodson surrounded the tomb and compelled his surrender on 20th September 1857. The next day British officer William Hodson shot his sons Mirza Mughal, Mirza Khizr Sultan, and grandson Mirza Abu Bakr under his own authority at the Khooni Darwaza (the bloody gate) near Delhi Gate. On hearing the news Zafar reacted with shocked silence while his wife Zeenat Mahal was happy as she believed her son was now Zafar's heir.
Numerous male members of his family were killed by the British, who imprisoned or exiled the surviving members of the Mughal dynasty. After a show trial, Zafar himself was exiled to Rangoon, Burma (now Yangon, Myanmar) in 1858 along with his wife Zeenat Mahal and some of the remaining members of the family. His departure as Emperor marked the end of more than three centuries of Mughal rule in India.

Bahadur Shah died in exile on 7 November 1862. He was buried near the Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon, at the site that later became known as Bahadur Shah Zafar Dargah. His wife Zeenat Mahal died in 1886.

In a marble enclosure adjoining the dargah of Sufi saint, Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki at Mehrauli, an empty grave or Sardgah marks the site where he had willed to be buried along with some of his Mughal predecessors, Akbar Shah II, Bahadur Shah I (also known as Shah Alam I) and Shah Alam II. He, unfortunately, was not so lucky, though talks of bringing back his remains here have been raised from time to time.


کتنا ہے بدنصیب ظفر دفن کے لئے
دو گز زمین بھی نہ ملی کوئے یار میں


kitanaa hai bad-nasiib zafar dafn ke liye
do gaz zamiin bhii na milii kuu-e-yaar me.n

How unlucky is Zafar! For his burial
Not even two yards of land were to be had, in the land of his beloved.

2 comments:

  1. What a great life of a great Monarch who had every quality to be a great Mughal king, like Jalal-Uddin-Akbar, the great Mughal King and one of greatest Kings,India ever had. But the times had changed, winds blowing from West were too strong for another Greatness from East to have established it's bearings. But history will remember him as a great king of Hindustan.

    ReplyDelete
  2. Very Good Novel, Thanks for sharing
    Read more urdu novels at afsanay.com

    ReplyDelete

In article ads

Translate

Related Posts Plugin for WordPress, Blogger...

Labels

A Hameed (7) Abdul Haleem Sharar (2) Abdul Hameed Adam (2) Abdullah Hussain (1) Abid Ali Abid (2) Afgha (1) Afghanistan (3) Afsanay (247) Aftab Iqbal (1) Ahmad Faraz (181) Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi (64) Aijaz Siddiqui (1) Aitbar Sajid (66) Akbar Allahabadi (1) Akhtar Shirani (2) Akhtar ul Iman (1) Al-Qaeda (3) Aleem Ul Haq Haqqi (106) Ali Arman (1) Ali Baksh (1) Ali Sardar Jafri (1) Ali Shariati (1) Allama Iqbal (213) Altaf Fatima (1) Ameer Meenai (2) Amjad Islam Amjad (109) Anand Narain Mulla (1) Andrew Carrington (2) Anees Nagi (4) Anwar Maqsood (4) Anwar Masood (3) Arsh Malsiani (1) Articles (73) Articles on Ibn-e-Safi (5) Articles on Iqbal (9) Asad (232) Asad Ullah Khan Asad (43) Asad Ullah Khan Asad. (189) Ashfaq Ahmad (10) Ashfaq Hussain (1) Asrar Ahmad (120) Asrar Narwi (120) Astor (3) Ata ul Haq Qasmi (4) Autobiographies (3) Autographs (14) Awaz Saeed (1) Bahadur Shah Zafar (1034) Baluchistan (1) Bangladesh (1) Bano Qudsiya (5) Basheer Badar (1) Beena Sarwar (1) Benazir Bhutto (1) Biographies (7) Black Water (1) Boks by Gohar Sultana Uzma (1) Books by Abdul Haleem Sharar (1) Books by Abdullah Hussain (1) Books by Abul Hassan Ali Nadvi (1) Books by Aleem Ul Haq Haqqi (106) Books by Ashfaq Ahmad (3) Books by Bano Qudsiya (2) Books by Colonel Muhammad Khan (2) Books by Dr. Qasim Jalal (2) Books by Fahmida Kosar (1) Books by Habib Jalib (1) Books by Hashim Nadeem Khan (4) Books by Ibn-e-Insha (1) Books by Ibn-e-Safi (244) Books by Iffat Seher Pasha (1) Books by Javed Danish (1) Books by Khaqan Sajid (1) Books by Maha Malik (1) Books by Mazhar Kaleem (398) Books by Mir Taqi Mir (1) Books by Mirza Ghalib (1) Books by Mirza Hadi Ruswa (1) Books by Mumtaz Mufti (1) Books by Naseem Hijazi (27) Books by Parveen Shakir (6) Books by Premchand (1) Books by Qanita Rabia (1) Books by Qudratullah Shahab (4) Books by Riffat Siraj (6) Books by Rukhsana Nigar Adnan (20) Books by Shakeeb Jalali (1) Books by Shazia Chaudhry (1) Books by Shibli Naumani (1) Books by Taqi Usmani (2) Books by Tariq Ismail Sagar (72) Books by Umaira Ahmad (25) Books by Umm-e-Maryam (1) Books by Younus Javed (1) Books List (3) Brij Narain Chakbast (1) Bulleh Shah (1) Bushra Farrukh (1) Chacha Chakkan (11) Charagh Hassan Hasrat (1) Chillas (3) Colonel Muhammad Khan (3) Columnists (12) Columns (5) Comedy (22) Controversy (1) Dassu (1) December (1) Deputy Nazeer Ahmad (1) Dilawar Figar (1) Dr. Ahmad Safi (3) Dr. Anwar Zahidi (1) Dr. Aslam Farrukhi (1) Dr. Isar Ahmad Safi (1) Dr. Israr Ahmad (1) Dr. Kanwal Feroze (1) Dr. Mohsin Maghiana (1) Dr. Moinuddin Aqeel (1) Dr. Naseer Ahmad NAsir (2) Dr. Qasim Jalal (2) Dr. Rasheed Amjad (1) Dr. Safdar Mahmood (1) Dr. Saleem Wahid Saleem (1) Dr. Tahir-ul-Qadri (1) Dr. Waheed Ahmad (1) Drama (3) Drama by Naseem Hijazi (1) Drama Writers (7) Ehsan Sehgal (1) Eid Mubarak (1) Essays (18) Fahmida Kasar (1) Fahmida Riaz (1) Faiz Ahmad Faiz (9) Fani Badayuni (1) Fatima Surayya Bajia (1) Firaq Gorakhpuri (1) General Parvez Musharraf (2) Ghalib (232) Ghazals (2082) Ghazals by Ahmad Faraz (156) Ghazals by Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi (33) Ghazals by Aitbar Sajid (56) Ghazals by Amjad Islam Amjad (52) Ghazals by Bahadur Shah Zafar (1032) Ghazals by Habib Jalib (197) Ghazals by Ibn-e-Insha (12) Ghazals by Iftikhar Arif (17) Ghazals by John Elia (45) Ghazals by Mir Taqi Mir (136) Ghazals by Mirza Ghalib (189) Ghazals by Samina Raja (88) Ghazals by Shakeeb Jalali (73) Ghulam Abbas (13) Ghulam Bhik Nairang (2) Gilgit (3) Gilgit Baltistan (3) Gohar Sultana Uzma (1) Golden Temple (2) Greetings (2) Gul Naukhaiz Akhtar (1) Gulzar (2) Habeeb Jalib (273) Habib Jalib (274) Hafeez Jallandhari (2) Hafeez Taib (1) Haider Qureshi (27) Hakeem Ahmad Shuja (1) Hamd (2) Hamd by Iftikhar Arif (1) Hamd by Mir Taqi Mir (1) Hameed Akhtar (2) Hashim Nadeem Khan (5) Hasrat Jaipuri (1) Hassan Abidi (1) Hassan Askari (2) Himayat Ali Shair (1) Historic Novels by Naseem Hijzai (2) Historical Novels (18) Historical Novels by Naseem Hijzai (16) History (18) Humor Novel (1) Humor Novel by Naseem Hijazi (2) Humorists (15) Hunza (3) Ibn-e-Insha (107) Ibn-e-Safi (253) Ibn-e-Safi Autograph (1) Ibrahim Jalees (2) Ibrahim Zauq (1) Iffat Seher Pasha (1) Iftikhar Arif (37) Ihsan Danish (2) Imam Baksh Nasikh (1) Imran Series (520) Imran Series by Ibn-e-Safi (120) Imran Series by Mazhar Kaleem (398) Imtiaz Ali Taj (12) India (6) Indra Gandhi (1) Insha Jee (104) Interviews (1) Intizar Hussain (6) Iraq (3) Ishtiaq Ahmad (1) ISI (1) Islamic Books (3) Ismat Chughtai (4) Israr-ul-Haq Majaz (2) Jagannath Azad (1) Jamal Ihsani (1) Jameel-ud-Din Aali (2) Jamia Hafsa (1) Jan Nisar Akhtar (1) Jangannath Azad (1) Jasoosi Dunya (124) Jasusi Adab (1) Jasusi Dunya (2) Javed Akhtar (1) Javed Danish (1) Jazib Qureshi (1) Jedendar Pal (1) Jigar Muradabadi (2) Jihad (6) John Elia (64) Josh Malihabadi (2) Joun Elia (65) Journalists (1) Kaifi Azmi (4) Kashmir (1) Khakay (15) Khaleel-Ur-Rahman Azmi (1) Khaqan Sajid (2) Khumar Barabankvi (1) Khwaja Ahmad Abbas (2) Khwaja Haider Ali Aatish (1) Khwaja Mir Dard (1) Kishwar Naheed (1) Kohistan (1) Krishen Chander (8) Kuwait (1) Lal Masjid (2) maha Malik (1) Majeed Amjad (1) Majrooh Sultanpuri (3) Makhdoom Muhiuddin (1) Mansha Yaad (5) Masnawi (4) Masnawi by Mir Taqi Mir (4) Maulana Altaf Hussain Hali (1) Maulana Ghulam Rasool Meher (1) Maupassant (3) Mazhar Kaleem (399) Meer (142) Meer Anees (1) Meer Taqi Meer (143) Mir (142) Mir Taqi Mir (144) Mirza Amjad Baig (1) Mirza Asad Ullah Khan Ghalib (232) Mirza Athar (1) Mirza Ghalib (235) Mirza Hadi Ruswa (2) Mirza Khan Daag (1) Mohsin Naqvi (3) Momin Khan Momin (1) Mufti (2) Muhammad Aasim Butt (18) Muhammad Izhar-Ul-Haq (1) Muhammad Rafi Sauda (1) Muhammad Taqi (142) Mukti Bahini (1) Mumtaz Mufti (6) Muneer Niazi (4) Munshi Premchand (16) Murtaza Birlas (1) Mushtaq Ahmad Yusufi (3) Muslim Saleem (1) Mustafa Rahi (1) Mustafa Zaidi (1) Mustansar Hussain Tarar (2) Muztar Khairabadi (1) Na'at (4) Na'at by Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi (1) Na'at by Mir Taqi Mir (1) Na'at by Samina Raja (1) Na'ats by Bahadur Shah Zafar (1) Naeem Amrohvi (1) Naeem Arshad (1) Nagar (3) Naieyer Masud (1) Naresh Kumar Shad (1) Naseem Hijazi (27) Nasir Kazmi (5) National Anthem of Pakistan (1) NATO (2) Nazmain (17) Nida Fazli (1) Noon Meem Danish (1) Noon Meem Rashid (3) Northen Areas of Pakistan (3) Noshi Gillani (1) Novelists (47) Novels (889) Novels by Ibn-e-Safi (121) Novels by Mazhar Kaleem (398) Novels by Naseem Hijazi (21) Novels by Tariq Ismail Sagar (47) Nushoor Wahidi (1) O Henry (2) Operation Blue Star (2) Pagal Adilabadi (1) Paigham Aafaqi (1) Pakistan (22) Pandit Hari Chand Akhtar (1) Parveen Shakir (11) Parween Shakir (6) Patras Bukhari (7) Philosophers (1) Pieces (1) Pirzada Qasim Raza (1) Poems (584) Poems by Ahmad Faraz (23) Poems by Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi (18) Poems by Aitbar Sajid (11) Poems by Allama Iqbal (198) Poems by Amjad Islam Amjad (54) Poems by Habib Jalib (75) Poems by Ibn-e-Insha (64) Poems by Iftikhar Arif (16) Poems by John Elia (19) Poems by Samina Raja (90) Poems by Shakeeb Jalali (17) Poetry (2747) Poetry Books (10) Poetry by Ahmad Faraz (179) Poetry by Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi (51) Poetry by Aitbar Sajid (65) Poetry by Allama Iqbal (198) Poetry by Amjad Islam Amjad (106) Poetry by Bahadur Shah Zafar (1033) Poetry by Habib Jalib (272) Poetry by Ibn-e-Insha (74) Poetry by Iftikhar Arif (36) Poetry by John Elia (64) Poetry by Mir Taqi Mir (143) Poetry by Mirza Ghalib (233) Poetry by Parveen Shakir (6) Poetry by Samina Raja (179) Poetry by Shakeeb Jalali (91) Poets (146) Professor Hameed Ahmad Khan (1) Professor Sahar Ansari (1) Punjabi (1) Putras Bukhari (1) Qabil Ajmeri (1) Qamar Ali Abbasi (1) Qanita Rabia (1) Qasaayid (11) Qasayid by Mirza Ghalib (11) Qaseeda (11) Qaseeda by Mirza Ghalib (11) Qateel Shifai (3) Quartrain (32) Quartrains by Mirza Ghalib (32) Qudrat Ullah Shahab (5) Qurrat-ul-Ain Haider (4) Raaz Chandpuri (1) Raees Amrohi (1) Rahat Indori (1) Raja Mehdi Ali Khan (1) Rajinder Singh Bedi (4) Ram Lal (1) Rashid Jahan (1) Ravish Siddiqui (1) RAW (1) Razia Butt (1) Riffat Siraj (6) Rubaiyat (32) Rubayi (32) Rubayi by Mirza Ghalib (32) Rukhsana Nigar Adnan (20) Russia (1) Sa'adat Hassan Manto (111) Sadam Hussain (2) Safi Lakhnavi (1) Saghar Siddiqui (1) Sahir Hoshiarpuri (1) Sahir Ludhianvi (2) Sajjad Zaheer (1) Samina Raja (181) Satyapal Anand (1) Saud Usmani (1) Sayed Abul Hassan Ali Nadvi (4) Sayyid Maududi (2) Sazeen (1) Scholars (12) Seemab Akbarabadi (1) Seerat-e-Rasool (1) Shabnam Romani (1) Shafeeq Ur Rahman (2) Shakeb Jalali (91) Shakeeb Jalali (94) Shakeel Badayuni (1) Shakib Jalali (91) Shameem Karhani (1) Shamsur Rahman Faruqi (1) Shan-ul-Haq Haqqi (2) Sharif Hussain (22) Shaukat Siddiqui (6) Shaukat Thanvi (3) Shazia Chaudhry (1) Sheikh Abdul Qadir (1) Shibli Naumani (2) Short Stories by A Hameed (4) Short Stories by Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi (8) Short Stories by Ashfaq Ahmad (4) Short Stories by Bano Qudsiya (2) Short Stories by Ghulam Abbas (12) Short Stories by Gulzar (1) Short Stories by Haider Qureshi (26) Short Stories by Hassan Askari (1) Short Stories by Ibn-e-Insha (3) Short Stories by Ibrahim Jalees (1) Short Stories by Intizar Hussain (4) Short Stories by Ismat Chughtai (2) Short Stories by Jogendar Pal (1) Short Stories by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas (1) Short Stories by Krishen Chander (6) Short Stories by Mansha Yaad (2) Short Stories by Manto (109) Short Stories by Maupassant (3) Short Stories by Mirza Amjad Baig (1) Short Stories by Muhammad Aasim Butt (17) Short Stories by Mumtaz Mufti (4) Short Stories by Premchand (14) Short Stories by Qudrat Ullah Shahab (1) Short Stories by Qurrat-ul-Ain Haider (2) Short Stories by Rajinder Singh Bedi (3) Short Stories by Ram Lal (1) Short Stories by Shafeeq Ur Rahman (1) Short Stories by Shaukat Siddiqui (3) Short Stories by Shaukat Tahnvi (1) Short Stories Lists (6) Short Story Writers (41) Siddiq Salik (1) Sikandar Ali Wajd (1) Siraj Aurangabadi (1) Skardu (3) Stories (11) Sudarshan Faakir (1) Sufi Tabassum (1) Sufis (5) Sulaiman Areeb (1) Sulaiman Nadvi (2) Syed Al-e-Ahmad (1) Tabish Dehlvy (1) Taliban (4) Taqi Usmani (3) Tarannum Riaz (1) Tariq Ismail Sagar (26) Tilok Chand Mahroom (1) Translated Books (1) Translated Short Stories (5) Translated Urdu Books (1) Travelogue Writers (11) Travelogues (16) Travelogues by Naseem Hijazi (1) Travelogues by Tariq Ismail Sagar (2) Ubaidullah Aleem (2) Ubaidullah Baig (1) Umaira Ahmad (26) Umm-e-Hassan (1) Umm-e-Maryam (1) United States of America (7) Urdu (197) Urdu Books (951) Urdu Pieces (14) USA (6) Usama Bin Laden (3) Ustad Daman (1) Videos (5) Waheed Akhtar (1) Wali Deccani (2) Wasi Shah (1) Wasif Ali Wasif (2) Wazeer Agha (4) Yagana Changezi (1) Yasmeen Hameed (1) Younus Javed (1) Yousuf Saleem Chishti (1) Zafar (1033) Zafar Iqbal (1) Zameer Jafri (3) Zarina Sani (1) Zohra Nigah (1)